This book covers different physiological processes, tools, and their application in crop breeding. Each chapter emphasizes on a specific trait/physiological process and its importance in crop, their phenotyping information and how best it can be employed for crop improvement by projecting on success stories in different crops. It covers wide range of physiological topics including advances in field phenotyping, role of endophytic fungi, metabolomics, application of stable isotopes, high throughput phenomics, transpiration efficiency, root phenotyping and root exudates for improved resource use efficiency, cuticular wax and its application, advances in photosynthetic studies, leaf spectral reflectance and physiological breeding in hardy crops like millets. This book also covers the futuristic research areas like artificial intelligence and machine learning.

This contributed volume compiles all application parts of physiological tools along with their advanced research in these areas, which is very much need of the hour for both academics and researchers for ready reference. This book will be of interest to teachers, researchers, climate change scientists, capacity builders, and policy makers. Also, the book serves as additional reading material for undergraduate and graduate students of agriculture, physiology, botany, ecology, and environmental sciences. National and international agricultural scientists will also find this a useful resource.

MAMRUTHA HAROHALLI MASTHI GOWDA, Ph.D., is presently serving as a Senior Scientist (Plant Physiology) at ICAR-Indian Institute of Wheat and Barley Research, Karnal, Haryana, India. She obtained her B.Sc., M.Sc., and Ph.D. degrees from the University of Agricultural Sciences, Bengaluru, India. She holds about 15 years of experience in R&D and has published around 45 research and review articles in peer-reviewed national and international journals, 25 book chapters, 3 technical bulletins, and more than 60 popular articles. Shehandled 12 research projects in various capacities including projects funded by USDA, DBT-BBSRC, CIMMYT, ACIAR, and ICAR and presented research findings in several national and international forums. Her research is largely focused onphysiological trait-based breeding for improving photosynthesis, yield, and abiotic stress tolerance and use of CRISPR/Cas9technology in wheat improvement. She has co-developed five high yielding wheat varieties and ten wheat genetic stocks for abiotic stress tolerance and for improving nutritional quality. She has been serving as an editor of Plant Physiology Reports, editorial board member of Journal of Cereal Research, and as reviewer of many international journals. She is committed to her professionalism and honored with several recognitions, including Prof. Mahatim Singh Memorial Award from Society for Advancement of Wheat & Barley Research (SAWBAR) India, RD Asana gold medal award, and JC Bose gold medal award from Indian Society of Plant Physiology and ICAR-IIWBR best scientist award. She is also the recipient of international fellowships from wheat initiative, Donald Danforth Plant Science Centre, USA, and IUBMB, France

GOPALAREDDY KRISHNAPPA, Ph.D., Scientist, ICAR-Sugarcane Breeding Institute (ICAR-SBI), Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, completed his bachelor's degree in 2006

and master's degree in 2008 from the University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, and doctorate degree in Genetics from ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, in 2016. Dr. Reddy is an accomplished and dedicated agricultural researcher with a rich experience in wheat research over a decade. Dr. Reddy developed 11 wheat varieties and 26 wheat genetic stocks to benefit a multitude of stakeholders including farmers, consumers, researchers, and industry. His research is largely focused on the development of high yielding wheat varieties with improved quality attributes. Dr. Reddy utilized modern breeding tools like genomic selection, MARS, MAS, and GWAS to complement conventional breeding techniques to dissect complex traits in wheat. He published more than 30 research and review articles of national and international repute with high impact journals, 02 books, 15 book chapters, and 30 technical or popular articles. He has been teaching for more than 3 years to students of different state agricultural and private universities. Dr. Reddy was conferred with AIASA Young Scientist Award 2020, Best Worker 2020, NEEDEF Young Scientist Award 2021, and Dr. VS Mathur memorial award 2022.

RINKI KHOBRA, Ph.D., presently serves as a scientist (Plant Physiology) at ICAR-Indian Institute of Wheat and Barley Research, under the aegis of Indian Council of Agricultural Research. She received her M.Sc. degree from Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, in Botany and Ph.D. from ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India, in Plant Physiology. Her research is primarily focused on abiotic stress tolerance, mainly drought and lodging in wheat. She is also working on identification of plant traits contributing towards higher yield potential along with root system architectural studies. Dr. Khobra is associated with the development of one bread wheat variety and ten genetic stocks for various physiological traits. She published more than 15 research and review articles of national and international repute along with 1 bulletin, 7 book chapters, and 45 popular articles. Apart from research, Dr. Khobra is also involved in teaching Ph.D. scholars. She is a lifetime member of few professional societies

GYANENDRA SINGH, Ph.D., Director, ICAR-Indian Institute of Wheat and Barley Research, Karnal, India. Dr. Singh graduated from Janta Vedic College in 1982 followed by M.Sc. in 1984 and Ph.D. in 1998. He re-defined and executed a shuttle breeding methodology for wider adaptability, resistance, and yield in wheat. He devised a new double-digit appraisal scale for spot blotch disease severity in wheat, which is convenient and time-saving, especially while evaluating large breeding populations. Dr. Singh has contributed to the development of 25 varieties, 50 genetic stocks, and 15 RIL populations in wheat to facilitate molecular studies. He has published 160 research articles, 10 edited books, 8 bulletins, 19 book chapters, 5 review articles, 6 training manuals, and 100 popular/technical articles. Dr. Singh is an elected fellow of the Society for Advancement of Wheat and Barley Research and the Indian Society of Genetics and Plant Breeding. Dr. Singh received USAID fellowship from Mississippi State University, USA, and a certificate of achievements from the United Sates Department of Agriculture (USDA) for training at the University of Florida. He is member of the scientific advisory committee of PPV&FRA, New Delhi. Dr. Singh has received distinguished scientist award from SSDAT, best research team award of DWR, in 2006; DWR best scientist award, Nanaji Deshmukh ICAR Award 2021, and VS Mathur award (2020).

GYANENDRA PRATAP SINGH, Ph.D., Director, ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi has more than 27 years of agriculture research experience, including 10 years of teaching and more than 6 years of administration experience, which led to many milestones. Dr. Singh is instrumental in the development of 51 wheat (5 biofortified
varieties) and 03 barley varieties and 01 potato variety benefitting farmers, consumers, and industries. He is the main force behind the development and rapid spread of improved mega-wheat varieties including DBW 187, and DBW 222, HD 2967, HD 3086, and DBW 303 as these were readily adopted by farmers.Dr. Singh largely focused on intrinsic research on heat and drought tolerance for wheat improvement in India and developed many climate-resilient wheat varieties. He is also a leader of cutting-edge technologies like marker-assisted recurrent selection and precision phenotyping for heat and drought tolerance. He has published more than 300 research articles of national and international repute with high impact factors, 20 books, 65 book chapters, 57 technical bulletins, 55 popular articles, and 5 policy/strategy papers. His strenuous efforts in advancing the research and development led to several accolades at the national and international levels, and he has been honored with 17 prestigious awards. He is also a fellow of Indian National Science Academy (INSA), National Academy of Sciences India (NASI), National Academy of Agricultural Sciences (NAAS), Indian Society of Genetics and Plant Breeding (ISGPB), and Society for Advancement of Wheat and Barley Research (SAWBAR)