0 Yoel Rak, Introduction
Hominoids1 Gabrielle E. Russo, Cranial base in Hominoids in relation to posture and locomotion2 Thierra K. Nalley, Neysa Grider-Potter, Mikel Arlegi, Vertebral morphology in hominoids, posture and locomotion: I-the cervical spine3 Liza Shapiro, Vertebral morphology in hominoids, posture and locomotion: II-the thoracic and the lumbar spine4 Masato Nakatsukasa, The spinal plasticity: changes in spinal morphology due to locomotor changes: the example of Japanese macaques
Modern humans5 Jeannie Bailey, Patricia Kramer, Lumbar lordosis and motion: implications for fossil hominins6 Eric Castillo, Dan Lieberman, Biomechanical models of the spine, evolutionary perspective7 Leonid Kalichman, Ella Been, Spinal posture and spinal pathology in modern humans8 Katherine Whitcome, Sexual dimorphism of the axial skeleton9 Sandra Martelli, Spinal ontogeny and evolution
Methodology10 Ella Been, Reconstruction of the spinal curvatures based on skeletal material11 Markus Bastir, The use of geometric morphometrics in the study of the human spine12 Kate Robson Brown, Infant vertebral cancellous bone ontogeny (Neanderthals and modern humans)13 Patricia Kramer, Finite Element Analysis of the vertebral spine- implications to human evolution
Extinct hominins14 Scott Williams, The spine of Australopith15 Marc Meyer, The spine of Early Homo16 Asier Gómez-Olivencia, Ella Been, The spine of Late Homo17 Martin Haeusler, Spinal paleopathology in hominins
Final chapter, Been et al., Future perspectives into the study of the human spine and its evolution
About the Author: ​Ella Been, PT, PhD.

Department of Sports Therapy, Faculty of Health Professions, Ono Academic College, Kiryat Ono 55107, Israel

Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel

E mail: beenella1@gmail.com. Phone: 972-52-3353890

Dept. Estratigrafía y Paleontología, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU). Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Spain

IKERBASQUE. Basque Foundation for Science.

Centro UCM-ISCIII de Investigación sobre Evolución y Comportamiento Humanos, Avda. Monforte de Lemos 5 (Pabellón 14), 28029 Madrid, Spain.

E mail: asiergo@gmail.com. Phone: +34 627337043 (cell phone) / +34 946012053 (office)

Departments of Anthropology and Orthopaedics & Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Box 353100, Seattle, WA, USA 98195-3100

E mail: pakramer@uw.edu. Phone: 1-206-616-2449 (lab)/ 1-206-650-6407 (cell)