1 Introduction Dale R. McCullough Part I Basic Biology 2 Fossil Record of Sika Deer in Japan Yoshinari Kawamura 3 Two Genetically Distinct Lineages of the Japanese Sika Deer Based on Mitochondrial Control Regions Nagata 4 Evolutionary Significance of Admixture and Fragmentation of Sika Deer Populations in Japan Hidetoshi B. Tamate 5 Nutritional Physiology of Wild and Domesticated Japanese Sika Deer Takayoshi Masuko and Kousaku Souma 6 Endocrinology of Sika Deer Kiyoshi Yamauchi and Yukiko Matsuura 7 Reproduction of Female Sika Deer in Japan, with Special Reference to Kinkazan Island, Northern Japan Nobumasa Ohnishi, Masato Minami, Rie Nishiya, Kotoyo Yamada, Hiroyuki Nishizuka, Hiroshi Higuchi, Azusa Nara, Masatsugu Suzuki, and Seiki Takatsuki Part II Food and Habitat Relations 8 Food Habits of Sika Deer on Kinkazan Island, Northern Japan with Reference to Local Variations, Size Effects, and Comparison with the Main Island Seiki Takatsuki and U. K. G. K. Padmalal 9 Plants and Plant Communities on Kinkazan Island, Northern Japan, in Relation to Sika Deer Herbivory Seiki Takatsuki and Takehiko Y. Ito 10 Productivity and Foraging Efficiency of the Short-Grass (Zoysia japonica) Community for Sika Deer Takehiko Y. Ito, Mariko Shimoda, and Seiki Takatsuki 11 Home Range, Habitat Selection, and Food Habits of the Sika Deer Using the Short-Grass Community on Kinkazan Island, Northern Japan Takehiko Y. Ito and Seiki Takatsuki 12 Shift to Litterfall as Year-Round Forage for Sika Deer after a Population Crash Masami Miyaki and Koichi Kaji 13 The Dynamics of Forest Stands Affected by Sika Deer on Nakanoshima Island-Change of Size Structure Similar to the Thinning Effect Masami Miyaki and Koichi Kaji 14 Biology of Sika Deer in Hyogo: Characteristics of Reproduction, Food Habits, Growth, and Condition MayumiYokoyama 15 Bark-Stripping Preference of Sika Deer and Its Seasonality on Mt. Ohdaigahara, Central Japan Masaki Ando and Ei'ichi Shibata 16 North-South Variations in Sika Deer Ecology as a Forest-Dwelling Cervid Seiki Takatsuki 17 Geographical Variations in Food Habits of Sika Deer: The Northern Grazer vs. the Southern Browser Seiki Takatsuki 18 What Is "Natural" Vegetation? A Reconsideration of Herbivory by Wild Ungulates Seiki TakatsukiPart III Behavior: Migration and Breeding Systems 19 Seasonal Migration of Sika Deer on Hokkaido Island, Japan Hiromasa Igota, Mayumi Sakuragi, and Hiroyuki Uno 20 Migratory and Sedentary Behavior Patterns of Sika Deer in Honshu and Kyushu, Japan Tsuneaki Yabe and Seiki Takatsuki 21 Variation in Mating Behavior of Sika Deer: Mating Behaviorof Sika Deer on Nozaki Island Akira Endo 22 Reproductive Ecology of Sika Deer on Kinkazan Island, Northern Japan: Reproductive Success of Males and Multi-Mating of Females Masato Minami, Nobumasa Ohnishi, Ayumi Okada, and Seiki Takatsuki 23 Life-Time Reproductive Success of Female Sika Deer on Kinkazan Island, Northern Japan Masato Minami, Nobumasa Ohnishi, Naoko Higuchi, Ayumi Okada, and Seiki Takatsuki 24 Reproduction of Female Sika Deer in Western Japan Toru Koizumi, Shin-ichiro Hamasaki, Mayumi Kishimoto, Mayumi Yokoyama, Masato Kobayashi, and Aiko Yasutake Color Plates Part IV Population Dynamics and Management 25 Sika Deer in Nara Park: Unique Human-Wildlife Relations Harumi Torii and Shirow Tatsuzawa 26 A 20-Year History of Sika Deer Management in the Mt. Goyo Area, Northern Honshu Seiki Takatsuki 27 Survival Patterns of Male and Female Sika Deer on Kinkazan Island, Northern Japan Masato Minami, Nobumasa Ohnishi, and Seiki Takatsuki 28 Sika Deer in an Evergreen Broad-Leaved Forest Zone on the Boso