This open access book examines the history and role of money. Money is often defined in terms of three interrelated functions: as a medium of exchange, store of value and unit of account. Researchers frequently discuss the first two functions, but tend to ignore unit of account. This book focuses on how a unit of account or denomination can be defined and can be derived from the monetary system. In the case of paper money and coins, we know how to determine the denomination of money based on the problem of the least number of weights defined by Bâchet and proved by Hardy and Wright (1960). However, in the case of digital or cryptocurrency, denomination may not matter because digital or cryptocurrency uses a wallet that is essentially denomination free: a wallet can contain any amount of currency without upper and lower limits. When people talk about the stablecoin, i.e. the stable price of digital and cryptocurrency with the major legal tender, they take a unit of account or denomination of digital or cryptocurrency as given. This arrangement destroys the nature of denomination free or decentralized autonomy as it were.

Exploring how we can consolidate with these two views of denomination, this book will appeal to anyone interested in creating new digital or cryptocurrencies. It also serves as a textbook on central bank digital currency.

After studying at Keio University (B.A. in Economics, 1981) and at the University of Pennsylvania (M.A. in International Relations, 1982), Yukinobu Kitamura specialized in household saving and bequest behavior for his D.Phil in Economics at the University of Oxford (1989). He then became a Research Assistant at the Institute of Economics and Statistics, University of Oxford (1987-1988) and an Economist at the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) (1988-1991) and at the Bank of Japan (1991－2021). He joined academia as a Guest Associate Professor at Keio University in 1996 and Associate Professor of Economics at Hitotsubashi University in 1999. Since 2002, he has been a Professor of Economics at Hitotsubashi University and Visiting Professor at Keio University. He was the Chair of the Government of Japan's Statistics Committee (2019-2021). He was also a member of the Science Council of Japan (2014-2020), and Chair of the Economic Committee of the Science Council(2017-2020). He is currently a professor and the Dean of Faculty of Data Science, Rissho University. His research focuses on empirical studies of the Japanese economy and household behaviour, including public finance, monetary and fiscal policy and macroeconomics and applied econometrics. He has contributed substantially to the government and Bank of Japan's policy making.