This open access book explores the history of pellagra, a vitamin deficiency disease brought about by a shift in agriculture to maize, and which was first identified in Italy in the 1760s. With a focus on the insanity that was caused by the disease, the authors examine how thousands of patients were treated in Italian psychiatric asylums, shedding light on the sufferer's point of view. Setting pellagrous insanity in a wider context of man-made or societal (anthropogenic) disease, where poverty, diet and disease meet, the book contributes to the history of medicine and science, the history of psychiatry, economic and social history, agrarian history, and food and nutrition history. Additionally, the authors aim to transnationalise Italian history by making comparisons with related issues, such as tertiary syphilis in the UK. Drawing from a wide range of printed and archival sources, including the writings of Italian medical investigators, the book examines how medical and scientific research was carried out during the long nineteenth century and the uncertainties that this engendered, in terms of classification, explanation, diagnosis and treatment. Offering a unique perspective on an endemic illness which came to be known as the disease of the four ds: dermatitis; diarrhea; dementia; and death, this book provides an engaging account of one of the most perplexing causes of mental illness.

David Gentilcore is Professor of Modern History at Ca' Foscari University of Venice, with particular interests in the social history of medicine and health, and the history of food and diet. Having previously taught at the University of Leicester in the UK, Gentilcore has also held visiting professorships at McMaster University in Canada, Villa I Tatti, the Harvard Center for Italian Renaissance Studies, in Italy and the Institute of Advanced Studies, Aix-Marseille Université, in France.

Egidio Priani is a clinical psychologist based in Italy with a focus on mental distress in young adults, adolescents and their families. Prior to this, he studied at Ca' Foscari University of Venice and the Centro di Ricerca di Psicoterapia, Trento. From 2006-9 Priani was a research assistant at the historical archives of the former San Servolo psychiatric hospital in Venice, where he carried out research into the history of psychiatry, asylum history and the evolution of diagnostic categories during the nineteenth century.