linux commands Linux For Beginners Guide To Learn Linux Command Line, Linux Operating System And Linux CommandsIntroductionI want to tell you a story.No, not the story of how, in 1991, Linus Torvalds wrote the first version of the Linux ker-nel. You can read that story in lots of Linux books. Nor am I going to tell you the story ofhow, some years earlier, Richard Stallman began the GNU Project to create a free Unix-like operating system. That's an important story too, but most other Linux books have thatone, as well.No, I want to tell you the story of how you can take back control of your computer.When I began working with computers as a college student in the late 1970s, there was arevolution going on. The invention of the microprocessor had made it possible for ordi-nary people like you and me to actually own a computer. It's hard for many people todayto imagine what the world was like when only big business and big government ran allthe computers. Let's just say, you couldn't get much done.Today, the world is very different. Computers are everywhere, from tiny wristwatches togiant data centers to everything in between. In addition to ubiquitous computers, we alsohave a ubiquitous network connecting them together. This has created a wondrous newage of personal empowerment and creative freedom, but over the last couple of decadessomething else has been happening. A few giant corporations have been imposing theircontrol over most of the world's computers and deciding what you can and cannot dowith them. Fortunately, people from all over the world are doing something about it. Theyare fighting to maintain control of their computers by writing their own software. Theyare building Linux.Many people speak of "freedom" with regard to Linux, but I don't think most peopleknow what this freedom really means. Freedom is the power to decide what your com-puter does, and the only way to have this freedom is to know what your computer is do-ing. Freedom is a computer that is without secrets, one where everything can be known ifyou care enough to find out.Why Use The Command Line?Have you ever noticed in the movies when the "super hacker,"-you know, the guy whocan break into the ultra-secure military computer in under thirty seconds-sits down atthe computer, he never touches a mouse? It's because movie makers realize that we, ashuman beings, instinctively know the only way to really get anything done on a computerxviis by typing on a keyboard!Most computer users today are only familiar with the graphical user interface (GUI) andhave been taught by vendors and pundits that the command line interface (CLI) is a terri-fying thing of the past. This is unfortunate, because a good command line interface is amarvelously expressive way of communicating with a computer in much the same waythe written word is for human beings. It's been said that "graphical user interfaces makeeasy tasks easy, while command line interfaces make difficult tasks possible" and this isstill very true today.Since Linux is modeled after the Unix family of operating systems, it shares the samerich heritage of command line tools as Unix. Unix came into prominence during the early1980s (although it was first developed a decade earlier), before the widespread adoptionof the graphical user interface and, as a result, developed an extensive command line in-terface instead. In fact, one of the strongest reasons early adopters of Linux chose it over, say, Windows NT was the powerful command line interface which made the "difficulttasks possible