On December 4, 1865, members of the 39th United States Congress walked into the Capitol Building to begin their first session after the end of the Civil War. They understood their responsibility to put the nation back on the path established by the American Founding Fathers. The moment when the Republicans in the Reconstruction Congress remade the nation and renewed the law is in a class of rare events. The Civil War should be seen in this light.

In From Oligarchy to Republicanism: The Great Task of Reconstruction, Forrest A. Nabors shows that the ultimate goal of the Republican Party, the war, and Reconstruction was the same. This goal was to preserve and advance republicanism as the American founders understood it, against its natural, existential enemy: oligarchy. The principle of natural equality justified American republicanism and required abolition and equal citizenship. Likewise, slavery and discrimination on the basis of color stand on the competing moral foundation of oligarchy, the principle of natural inequality, which requires ranks.

The effect of slavery and the division of the nation into two "opposite systems of civilization" are causally linked. Charles Devens, a lawyer who served as a general in the Union Army, and his contemporaries understood that slavery's existence transformed the character of political society.

One of those dramatic effects was the increased power of slaveowners over those who did not have slaves. When the slave state constitutions enumerated slaves in apportioning representation using the federal three-fifths ratio or by other formulae, intra-state sections where slaves were concentrated would receive a substantial grant of political power for slave ownership. In contrast, low slave-owning sections of the state would lose political representation and political influence over the state. This contributed to the non-slaveholders' loss of political liberty in the slave states and provided a direct means by which the slaveholders acquired and maintained their rule over non-slaveholders.

This book presents a shared analysis of the slave South, synthesized from the writings and speeches of the Republicans who served in the Thirty-Eighth, Thirty-Ninth or Fortieth Congress from 1863-1869. The account draws from their writings and speeches dated before, during, and after their service in Congress. Nabors shows how the Republican majority, charged with the responsibility of reconstructing the South, understood the South.

Republicans in Congress were generally united around the fundamental problem and goal of Reconstruction. They regarded their work in the same way as they regarded the work of the American founders. Both they and the founders were engaged in regime change, from monarchy in the one case, and from oligarchy in the other, to republicanism. The insurrectionary states' governments had to be reconstructed at their foundations, from oligarchic to republican. The sharp differences within Congress pertained to how to achieve that higher goal.
About the Author:

Forrest A. Nabors is an Assistant Professor of Political Science in the College of Arts and Sciences at the University of Alaska-Anchorage, and teaches American Government. He also teaches Entrepreneurship in the College of Business and Public Policy, and is a founding partner of Alyeska Venture Management, which places and manages investments in early stage Alaska businesses. He is a frequent political commentator in the Alaskan media, and has lectured on government and assisted the development of new business ventures in Central and Eastern Europe.

Nabors earned his doctorate in Political Science at the University of Oregon. He received his undergraduate education in Political Science and Classics at Claremont McKenna College and the University of Chicago. Between his undergraduate and graduate education, he was a business executive in high technology in Portland, Oregon. In business he received a patent as lead inventor for an internet-based bidding process, was the first employee of Learning.com, and was an early advocate for infusing online technology in education.

Forrest Nabors is a member of the American Political Science Association. He held the Lehrman American Studies Summer Institute Fellowship, in conjunction with the James Madison Program at Princeton University, in 2011. Nabors was ranked "Best Professor" by graduating political science majors in 2011-12 and again in 2012-13. He received the Faculty Appreciation Award in 2016 from the University of Alaska-Anchorage.

A native of Monmouth County, New Jersey, Nabors first learned American government and the historical lore of the Northeast at a young age from his grandmother. He and graduated from Rumson-Fair Haven Regional High School in Rumson, New Jersey. Since growing up on the Jersey Shore, Nabors has enjoyed an active life outdoors, which he has continued in his adopted home state, Alaska.