These two volumes demonstrate the role of cellular mechanisms in the production of the many specialized traits defining primates. By exploring gene activity transforming into evolutionary change through the work of cellular mechanisms, the goal is to encourage others to adopt evolutionary cell biology as an approach to the genotype-phenotype map of the diversification of primates, human variation, and human evolution. Contributors highlight how genetic analysis, visualization of cells and tissues, and merging Evo-Devo with evolutionary cell biology combine to answer questions central to understanding the human and primate evolution.

Key Features

• Explores the developmental basis of characteristics that define the primate lineage
• Documents cellular mechanisms associated with everything from skin and eneregetics to the brain and communication.
• Chapters by a team of leading international researchers

M. Kathleen Pitirri, PhD is a Postdoctoral Scholar in the Department of Anthropology at Pennsylvania State University. She received her PhD from the University of Toronto in 2019 where she studied primate evolution, focusing specifically on the taxonomic, ontogenetic, and functional basis of mandibular shape variation in living and fossil primates. During her PhD research, Dr. Pitirri developed a novel methodology for studying shape variation of mandibular fragments that are part of the primate fossil record. She found a strong relationship between the shape of the mandibular corpus and molar crypt formation in great apes, suggesting that mandibular shape is linked to an extended period of development in great apes, representing an important evolutionary shift in primates. Upon joining the Richtsmeier Lab, Dr. Pitirri began using mouse models to study the cellular mechanisms involved in transferring information from the genotype to the phenotype. The changes observed in mouse models can be used to interpret the cellular basis for changes observed in skull shape in primates because mechanisms that build the craniofacial skeleton during development also drive variation in disease and evolution. Dr. Pitirri is particularly interested in the evolutionary consequences of change in developmental processes driving the patterning of cellular activities involved in embryogenesis of skull bones, the role of the chondrocranium in skull development, and the genetic pathways regulating the relationship between tooth and bone formation during embryonic development.

Joan Richtsmeier is Distinguished Professor of Anthropology at the Pennsylvania State University.　She received her PhD from Northwestern University in 1985 and joined the faculty of the Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine in 1986. There, she focused on establishing new quantitative methods for studying change in biological shape through time, especially in primates, with Professor Subhash Lele.　In 1999 she became the 55^th　woman to achieve the rank of Professor at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine since the school opened in 1893. In 2000, Dr. Richtsmeier moved her lab to the Pennsylvania State University. There, her focus turned to joining developmental biology with evolutionary biology, and with collaborators and students, she has worked to integrate the study of mouse models carrying known genetic variants with understanding the biological basis of patterns of evolutionary change. She is particularly interested in early formation of the chondrocranium and how and why cells decide to become osteoblasts and make bone. Dr. Richtsmeier was elected Fellow of the American Association of Anatomists (AAA) in 2018, received the Henry Gray Scientific Achievement Award of the AAA in 2019, and the David Bixler Excellence in Craniofacial Research Award of the Society for Craniofacial Genetics and Developmental Biology in 2019. She was elected Fellow of the AAAS (Section on Biological Sciences) in 2020. Her work is supported by grants from the National Science Foundation, the National Institutes of Health, and the Wellcome Trust.