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darwinisme social

darwinisme social


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About the Book

De son vivant, Charles Darwin s'était opposé avec vigueur à l'application du concept de sélection naturelle au sein des sociétés humaines. Pourtant, le darwinisme social est une doctrine politique évolutionniste apparue au XIXe siècle qui postule que la lutte pour la vie entre les hommes est l'état naturel des relations sociales. Selon cette idéologie, ces conflits sont aussi la source fondamentale du progrès et de l'amélioration de l'être humain. Son action politique préconise de supprimer les institutions et comportements qui font obstacle à l'expression de la lutte pour l'existence et à la sélection naturelle qui aboutissent à l'élimination des moins aptes et à la survie des autres ( survival of the fittest ). L'expression darwinisme social est apparue pour la première fois dans un tract intitulé Le Darwinisme social publié en 1879 à Paris par Émile Gautier (1853-1937), un journaliste, militant et théoricien anarchiste français. Nous proposons au lecteur de redécouvrir ce texte rare où pour la première fois cette expression est conceptualisée mais aussi critiquée. En effet, Gautier s'oppose à l'interprétation libérale que fait Ernst Haeckel (1834-1919) - grand vulgarisateur du darwinisme dans la seconde moitié du XIXe siècle - du mécanisme de la sélection naturelle appliqué à la société.
About the Author: Émile Jean-Marie Gautier (19 janvier 1853 à Rennes - 20 janvier 1937) est un journaliste français. Docteur en droit et disciple de Jules Vallès. Il utilise divers pseudonymes tels que Hombre, Polycarpe, A. Kergus, Raoul Lucet et Memor. Il fut militant et théoricien anarchiste impliqué dans le procès, dit Procès des 66 en 1883 à Lyon. Selon l'historien de la pensée sociale britannique Mike Hawkins, Émile Gautier est le premier à avoir employé l'expression darwinisme social dans une brochure du même nom publié en 1880 à Paris. Gautier s'oppose à l'interprétation anti-socialiste que fait Ernst Haeckel - grand vulgarisateur du darwinisme dans la seconde moitié du XIXe siècle - du mécanisme de la sélection naturelle appliqué à la société. Dans sa critique, Gautier reprend probablement une idée de Lamarck: les effets des lois de la nature se modifient selon les circonstances dans lesquelles elles sont appliquées. Partant de là, pour lui, la lutte pour la vie permanente impliquée par la loi de la sélection naturelle diminue d'intensité à mesure que les institutions sociales se développent. L'assistance mutuelle et la solidarité sociale sont les moteurs du progrès de l'humanité et constituent le véritable contenu du darwinisme social, bien plus que la lutte et la victoire du plus apte . Il est difficile de savoir si cette brochure a inspiré Pierre Kropotkine pour son ouvrage L'Entraide, un facteur de l'évolution, dont il débuta la rédaction à partir de 1890.


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Product Details
  • ISBN-13: 9782322254613
  • Publisher: Books on Demand
  • Publisher Imprint: Books on Demand
  • Height: 210 mm
  • No of Pages: 56
  • Spine Width: 3 mm
  • Weight: 136 gr
  • ISBN-10: 2322254614
  • Publisher Date: 23 Oct 2020
  • Binding: Paperback
  • Language: French
  • Returnable: N
  • Sub Title: critique et étymologie d'un concept
  • Width: 148 mm


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