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Carcer Tullianum

Carcer Tullianum


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English summary: Closely adjoining the north-east slopes of the Capitoline Hill, below the seventeenth-century church of San Giuseppe dei Falegnami with an adjoining Oratory, the structures of the Carcer-Tullianum (the "Mamertine Prison" of common memory) are preserved, one of the most relevant monumental complexes of the Republican Age in the Roman Forum (area of the Comitium) and most dear to the Christian faith as it is linked to the figure of Saint Peter. Connected to the substructural/defensive system of the Capitol since the Archaic Age (the so-called "Servan Walls"), the Carcer-Tullianum, according to classical sources, served as a place of confinement for the enemies of Rome condemned to death and was composed of two distinct nuclei, the Carcer and the Tullianum (hypogeum environment). The Carcer includes the trapezoidal shaped room and adjacent spaces from the Republican Age (late 4th-2nd century BC). The complex was monumentalized in the 1st century AD by Senatorial decree, as stated in the dedicatory inscription crowning the travertine facade that opens towards the Roman Forum, built on the occasion of the decree. As a whole, the Carcer presents as a system of stone structures in opus quadratum (Roman squared blocks masonry), articulated at various heights, situated close to the slopes of the Capitoline Arx facing the Valley of the Roman Forum. The complex created a strong masonry facade, forming the background of the Roman Forum and in close relationship with the buildings where the political, judicial and juridical life of Rome took place: the Curia, the Comitium and the courts. Tullianum is the name of the underground environment (hypogeum), built in blocks of peperino volcanic tuff (4th century BC, with a probable late 5th century BC phase) and characterised by a spring of water rising through pressure from the floor through a small square opening at the same level as the floor itself. Originally presenting a circular plan (tholos) - as revealed by excavations - it presented itself in the shape of a circular arch plan when the construction of the external elevation of the Carcer partly determined its dismantling. No data leading to recognize its function as a cistern emerged from the excavation: the duct itself, which until the last survey campaign still discharged the water collected in the well outside, is modern. The case found within the floor, dug specifically to house the Archaic and Republican material deposited following a ritual action that took place on an Autumn day, certainly dates back to the early Imperial Age. This case and the spring almost certainly lead to the conclusion that the Tullianum was originally built to house a sacred water source: a strong reference to the source where, according to the ancient authors, Tarpeia meets King Titus Tatius of the Sabines, enemies of the Romans, for the first time, and where the series of events that lead to the betrayal by the young woman and her death begin. It is suggestive to think that the water of the Tullianum ("Acqua Tulliana") is none other than the water present in the story of Tarpeia. This young Roman woman, daughter of the commander of the Capitoline fortress Spurius Tarpeius, meets Titus Tatius, head of the Sabine enemies, at a spring (the name of which has not been handed down), located outside the walls of the Capitoline Arx towards the plain that will later host the Roman Forum. Betrayal and punishment follow: Tarpeia is killed, buried alive under a heap of Sabine shields. Her father, who was found guilty of losing his post, is also executed, flung by the Romans themselves from the top of the cliff now remembered as Rupes Tarpeia or Saxum Tarpeium. The same cliff that today tends to be located on the Arx in the sector overlooking the Carcer-Tullianum, the place dedicated to the killing of the enemies of the Roman people par excellence. The complex lives on through the Early Middle Ages, transformed into a place of Christian worship, a site that since the 12th century is dedicated to the Apostles Peter and Paul: the Church of San Pietro in Carcere. Although covered by the foundations of the Church of San Giuseppe dei Falegnami built in the 16th century, the church always remains open to worship through time, thus preventing its destruction. In a room of the Carcer covered by the foundations of the 17th century church, a chapel is created in the mid-19th century to house the "Crocifisso delle Carceri", a wooden crucifix previously exhibited to popular piety on the travertine facade of the Carcer. The Carcer-Tullianum and the structures found after recent excavations are now part of the museum's exhibition itinerary, telling its complex history. Italian description: A ridosso delle pendici NE del Colle Capitolino, al di sotto della seicentesca chiesa di S. Giuseppe dei Falegnami con annesso Oratorio, si conservano le strutture del Carcer-Tullianum ("Carcere Mamertino" di comune memoria) uno dei complessi monumentali di eta repubblicana piu rilevanti del Foro Romano (area del Comizio) e piu cari alla fede cristiana perche legato alla figura di San Pietro. Connesso al sistema sostruttivo/difensivo del Campidoglio sin dall'eta arcaica (le cd. "Mura Serviane") il Carcer-Tullianum, secondo quanto attestato dalle fonti classiche, fungeva da luogo di reclusione dei nemici di Roma condannati a morte ed era composto da due nuclei distinti, il Carcer ed il Tullianum (ambiente ipogeo). Con Carcer si intende l'ambiente a pianta trapezoidale con gli ambienti attigui, di eta repubblicana (fine IV-II a.C.), che fu monumentalizzato nel I d.C. per disposizione senatoria, come recita l'iscrizione dedicatoria posta a coronamento della facciata in travertino che si apre rivolta verso il Foro Romano, edificata in quella occasione. Nel suo insieme si presenta come un sistema di strutture lapidee in opera quadrata, articolate e a varie quote, a ridosso delle pendici dell'Arce capitolina rivolte verso la valle del Foro Romano. Il complesso creava una possente quinta muraria che fa da sfondo al Foro Romano e in stretta relazione con gli edifici dove si svolgeva la vita politica, giudiziaria e giuridica di Roma: la curia, il comizio e i tribunali. Tullianum e la denominazione dell'ambiente ipogeo in blocchi di peperino (IV a.C. con una probabile fase di fine V a.C.) caratterizzato dalla sorgente che risale, per pressione, dal piano pavimentale attraverso una piccola apertura quadrata in fase con il pavimento stesso. Originariamente a pianta circolare (tholos) - come rivelato dagli scavi - assume la forma in pianta ad arco di cerchio, quando la costruzione del prospetto esterno del Carcer ne determina in parte lo smantellamento. Nessun dato e emerso dallo scavo per riconoscervi la funzione di cisterna; lo stesso condotto, che fino all'ultima campagna d'indagine scaricava all'esterno l'acqua raccolta nel pozzo, e moderno. Risale sicuramente alla prima eta imperiale la teca rinvenuta sul piano pavimentale scavata appositamente per ospitare il materiale di eta arcaica e repubblicana deposto dopo un'azione rituale svoltasi in un giorno d'autunno. Questo deposito e la sorgente portano a concludere, con un certo margine di sicurezza, che il Tullianum originariamente fosse stato costruito per una sorgente sacralizzata: forte il richiamo alla fonte dove, raccontano gli autori antichi, Tarpea incontra per la prima volta il re dei Sabini nemici dei Romani, Tito Tazio, e prendono avvio la serie di accadimenti che portano al tradimento da parte della giovane e alla sua morte E suggestivo pensare che la l'acqua del Tullianum ("Acqua Tulliana") sia quella presente nel racconto del tradimento di Tarpeia. La giovane romana, figlia di Spurio Tarpeio comandante della rocca capitolina, incontra Tito Tazio, capo dei nemici Sabini, presso una fonte (non se ne tramanda il nome) situata al di fuori delle mura dell'arce capitolina verso la piana che ospitera poi il Foro Romano. Segue il tradimento e la punizione: Tarpea e uccisa seppellita viva sotto il cumulo degli scudi sabini. Anche il padre, ritenuto colpevole per aver perso la postazione, e giustiziato, precipitato per mano degli stessi Romani dall'alto della rupe ricordata come Rupes Tarpeia o Saxum Tarpeium. La rupe che oggi si tende a collocare sull'Arx nel settore che sovrasta il Carcer-Tullianum, il luogo votato per eccellenza alla uccisione dei nemici del Popolo Romano. Il complesso continua a vivere trasformato in Eta Alto Medioevale in luogo di un culto cristiano, luogo che dal XII secolo si connota dedicato agli Apostoli Pietro e Paolo: la chiesa di S. Pietro in Carcere. Anche se coperta dalle fondazioni della chiesa S. Giuseppe dei Falegnami costruita nel XVI secolo, rimarra sempre aperta al culto, impedendone cosi la distruzione. In un vano del Carcer coperto dalle fondazioni della chiesa seicentesca e ricavata alla meta del XIX secolo una cappella destinata ad ospitare il "Crocifisso delle Carceri", un crocifisso ligneo esposto in precedenza alla pieta popolare sulla facciata in travertino del Carcer. Il Carcer-Tullianum e le strutture rinvenute dopo i recenti scavi fanno oggi parte del percorso espositivo del museo che ne racconta la complessa storia.


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Product Details
  • ISBN-13: 9788891322401
  • Publisher: L'Erma Di Bretschneider
  • Publisher Imprint: L'Erma Di Bretschneider
  • Language: Italian
  • Returnable: N
  • Weight: 6840 gr
  • ISBN-10: 8891322407
  • Publisher Date: 01 Jun 2022
  • Binding: Paperback
  • No of Pages: 240
  • Sub Title: Il Mamertino Al Foro Romano


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