Chapter 1. Introduction (Revised)
1.1. Introduction
1.2. Biodiversity
1.3. Lessons from Nature
1.4. Golden Ratio and Fibonacci Numbers
1.5. Biomimetics in Art and Architecture - Bioarchitecture1.6. Industrial Significance
1.7. Research Objective and Approach
1.8. Organization of the Book
Chapter 2. Roughness-Induced Superliquiphilic/phobic Surfaces: Lessons from Nature (Revised)
2.1. Introduction2.2. Wetting States
2.3. Applications
2.4. Natural Superhydrophobic, Self-Cleaning, Low Adhesion/Drag Reduction Surfaces with Antifouling
2.5. Natural Superhydrophobic and High Adhesion Surfaces
2.6. Natural Superoleophobic Self-Cleaning and Low Drag Surfaces with Antifouling
2.7. Closure
Chapter 3. Modeling of Contact Angle for a Liquid in Contact with a Rough Surface for Various Wetting Regimes (Revised)
3.1. Introduction
3.2. Contact Angle Definition
3.3. Homogenous and Heterogeneous Interfaces and the Wenzel, Cassie-Baxter and Cassie Equations3.3.1. Limitations of the Wenzel and Cassie-Baxter Equations
3.3.2. Range of Applicability of the Wenzel and Cassie-Baxter Equations
3.4. Contact Angle Hysteresis
3.5. Stability of a Composite Interface and Role of Hierarchical Structure with Convex Surfaces
3.6. The Cassie-Baxter and Wenzel Wetting Regime Transition
3.7. Closure
Chapter 4. Lotus Effect Surfaces in Nature (Revised)
4.1. Introduction
4.2. Plant Leaves
4.3. Characterization of Superhydrophobic and Hydrophilic Leaf Surfaces
4.3.1. Experimental Techniques
4.32. SEM Micrographs
4.3.3. Contact Angle Measurements
4.3.4. Surface Characterization Using an Optical Profiler4.3.5. Surface Characterization, Adhesion, and Friction Using an AFM
4.3.6. Role of the Hierarchical Roughness
4.3.7. Summary
4.4. Various Self-cleaning Approaches
4.4.1. Comparison between Superhydrophobic and Superhydrophilic Surface Approaches for Self-cleaning
4.4.2. Summary
4.5. Closure
Chapter 5. Fabrication Techniques used for Superliquiphilic/phobic Structures (Revised)5.1. Introduction
5.2. Roughening to Create One-Level Structure
5.3. Coatings to Create One-Level Structures
5.4. Methods to Create Two-Level (Hierarchical) Structures
5.5. Etching Techniques for Attachment of Coatings
5.6. Closure
Chapter 6. Strategies of Micro-, Nano- and Hierarchically Structured Lotus-like Surfaces (Revised)
6.1. Introduction
6.2. Experimental Techniques
6.2.1. Contact Angle, Surface Roughness, and Adhesion
6.2.2. Droplet Evaporation Studies
6.2.3. Bouncing Droplet Studies6.2.4. Vibrating Droplet Studies
6.2.5. Microdroplet Condensation and Evaporation Studies using ESEM
6.2.6. Generation of Submicron Droplets
6.3. Micro- and Nanopatterned Polymers
6.3.1. Contact Angle
6.3.2. Effect of Submicron Droplet on Contact Angle
6.3.3. Adhesive Force
6.3.4. Summary
6.4. Micropatterned Si Surfaces
6.4.1. Cassie-Baxter and Wenzel Transition Criteria
6.4.2. Effect
About the Author:
Dr. Bharat Bhushan is an Ohio Eminent Scholar and The Howard D. Winbigler Professor in the College of Engineering, and the Director of the Nanoprobe Laboratory for Bio- & Nanotechnology and Biomimetics (NLB2) and affiliated faculty in John Glenn College of Public Affairs at the Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. In 2013-14, he served as an ASME/AAAS Science & Technology Policy Fellow, House Committee on Science, Space & Technology, United States Congress, Washington, DC. He holds two M.S., a Ph.D. in mechanical engineering/mechanics, an MBA, and two honorary and two semi-honorary doctorates. His research interests include fundamental studies with a focus on scanning probe techniques in the interdisciplinary areas of bio/nanotribology, bio/nanomechanics and bio/nanomaterials characterization and applications to bio/nanotechnology, and biomimetics. He has authored 8 scientific books, 90+ handbook chapters, 800+ scientific papers (h index-76+; ISI Highly Cited Researcher in Materials Science since 2007 and in Biology and Biochemistry since 2013; ISI Top 5% Cited Authors for Journals in Chemistry since 2011), and 60+ scientific reports. He has also edited 50+ books and holds 20 U.S. and foreign patents. He is co-editor of Springer NanoScience and Technology Series and Microsystem Technologies, and member of editorial board of PNAS. He has organized various international conferences and workshops. He is the recipient of numerous prestigious awards and international fellowships including the Alexander von Humboldt Research Prize for Senior Scientists, Max Planck Foundation Research Award for Outstanding Foreign Scientists, Fulbright Senior Scholar Award, Life Achievement Tribology Award, and Institution of Chemical Engineers (UK) Global Award. His research was listed as the top ten science stories of 2015. He is a member of various professional societies, including the International Academy of Engineering (Russia). He has previously worked for various research labs including IBM Almaden Research Center, San Jose, CA. He has held visiting professorship at University of California at Berkeley, University of Cambridge, UK, Technical University Vienna, Austria, University of Paris, Orsay, ETH Zurich, EPFL Lausanne, Univ. of Southampton, UK, Univ. of Kragujevac, Serbia, Tsinghua Univ., China, Harbin Inst., China, and KFUPM, Saudi Arabia.
